The passage below is accompanied by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question.
The sleights of hand that conflate consumption with virtue are a central theme in A Thirst for Empire, a sweeping and richly detailed history of tea by the historian Erika Rappaport. How did tea evolve from an obscure “China drink” to a universal beverage imbued with civilising properties? The answer, in brief, revolves around this conflation, not only by profit-motivated marketers but by a wide variety of interest groups. While abundant historical records have allowed the study of how tea itself moved from east to west, Rappaport is focused on the movement of the idea of tea to suit particular purposes.
Beginning in the 1700s, the temperance movement advocated for tea as a pleasure that cheered but did not inebriate, and industrialists soon borrowed this moral argument in advancing their case for free trade in tea (and hence more open markets for their textiles). Factory owners joined in, compelled by the cause of a sober workforce, while Christian missionaries discovered that tea “would soothe any colonial encounter”. During the Second World War, tea service was presented as a social and patriotic activity that uplifted soldiers and calmed refugees.
But it was tea’s consumer-directed marketing by importers and retailers “ and later by brands “ that most closely portends current trade debates. An early version of the “farm to table” movement was sparked by anti-Chinese sentiment and concerns over trade deficits, as well as by the reality and threat of adulterated tea containing dirt and hedge clippings. Lipton was soon advertising “from the Garden to Tea Cup” supply chains originating in British India and supervised by “educated Englishmen”. While tea marketing always presented direct consumer benefits (health, energy, relaxation), tea drinkers were also assured that they were participating in a larger noble project that advanced the causes of family, nation and civilization. . . .
Rappaport’s treatment of her subject is refreshingly apolitical. Indeed, it is a virtue that readers will be unable to guess her political orientation: both the miracle of markets and capitalism’s dark underbelly are evident in tea’s complex story, as are the complicated effects of British colonialism. . . . Commodity histories are now themselves commodities: recent works investigate cotton, salt, cod, sugar, chocolate, paper and milk. And morality marketing is now a commodity as well, applied to food, “fair trade” apparel and eco-tourism. Yet tea is, Rappaport makes clear, a world apart “ an astonishing success story in which tea marketers not only succeeded in conveying a sense of moral elevation to the consumer but also arguably did advance the cause of civilisation and community.
I have been offered tea at a British garden party, a Bedouin campfire, a Turkish carpet shop and a Japanese chashitsu, to name a few settings. In each case the offering was more an idea “ friendship, community, respect “ than a drink, and in each case the idea then created a reality. It is not a stretch to say that tea marketers have advanced the particularly noble cause of human dialogue and friendship.
- CAT 2021 Slot 1 – VA RCThe author of this book review is LEAST likely to support the view that:
- tea drinking was sometimes promoted as a patriotic duty.
- the ritual of drinking tea promotes congeniality and camaraderie.
- tea drinking has become a social ritual worldwide.
- tea became the leading drink in Britain in the nineteenth century.
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Explanatory Answer
Except option D, all other options are mentioned in the passage.
‘I have been offered tea at a British garden party, a Bedouin campfire, a Turkish carpet shop and a Japanese chashitsu, to name a few settings. In each case the offering was more an idea “ friendship, community, respect “ than a drink, and in each case the idea then created a reality.’ From these lines, we know options B and C are true.
Option A is also true: ‘During the Second World War, tea service was presented as a social and patriotic activity that uplifted soldiers and calmed refugees’.
The author, however, does not say that tea became the leading drink in Britain in the nineteenth century. So, the author is least likely to support option D.
The question is ” The author of this book review is LEAST likely to support the view that: “
Hence, the answer is ‘tea became the leading drink in Britain in the nineteenth century.’
Choice D is the correct answer.
- CAT 2021 Slot 1 – VA RCThis book review argues that, according to Rappaport, tea is unlike other “morality” products because it:
- appealed to a universal group and not just to a niche section of people.
- had an actual beneficial effect on social interaction and society in general.
- was actively encouraged by interest groups in the government.
- was marketed by a wide range of interest groups.
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Explanatory Answer
The author talks about morality marketing and states that ‘tea is……a world apart “ an astonishing success story in which tea marketers not only succeeded in conveying a sense of moral elevation to the consumer but also arguably did advance the cause of civilisation and community’. So, the correct choice is option B.
The question is ” This book review argues that, according to Rappaport, tea is unlike other “morality” products because it: “
Hence, the answer is ‘had an actual beneficial effect on social interaction and society in general.’
Choice B is the correct answer.
- CAT 2021 Slot 1 – VA RCAccording to this book review, A Thirst for Empire says that, in addition to “profit-motivated marketers”, tea drinking was promoted in Britain by all of the following EXCEPT:
- factories to instill sobriety in their labour.
- tea drinkers lobbying for product diversity.
- manufacturers who were pressing for duty-free imports.
- the anti-alcohol lobby as a substitute for the consumption of liquor.
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Explanatory Answer
The second paragraph talks about ‘the temperance movement’ (anti-alcohol lobby) advocating tea as it ‘cheered but did not inebriate’, industrialists supporting free trade in tea in order to gain ‘open markets’ (duty-free markets) for textiles and factory owners joining the group advocating tea, as it meant ‘a sober workforce’. So, options A, C and D are correct. The passage does not talk about tea drinkers lobbying for product diversity. So, the correct choice is B.
The question is ” According to this book review, A Thirst for Empire says that, in addition to “profit-motivated marketers”, tea drinking was promoted in Britain by all of the following EXCEPT: “
Hence, the answer is ‘tea drinkers lobbying for product diversity.’
Choice B is the correct answer.
- CAT 2021 Slot 1 – VA RCToday, “conflat[ing] consumption with virtue” can be seen in the marketing of:
- sustainably farmed foods.
- ergonomically designed products.
- travel to pristine destinations.
- natural health supplements.
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Explanatory Answer
˜Conflating™ means mixing or confusing two different things. ˜Conflating consumption with virtue™ implies promoting consumption of something as virtuous. The consumption of sustainably farmed foods is marketed as the right thing to do, so option A is the correct answer.
The question is ” Today, “conflat[ing] consumption with virtue” can be seen in the marketing of: “
Hence, the answer is ‘sustainably farmed foods.’
Choice A is the correct answer.
The passage below is accompanied by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question.
For the Maya of the Classic period, who lived in Southern Mexico and Central America between 250 and 900 CE, the category of ‘persons’ was not coincident with human beings, as it is for us. That is, human beings were persons “ but other, nonhuman entities could be persons, too. . . . In order to explore the slippage of categories between ‘humans’ and ‘persons’, I examined a very specific category of ancient Maya images, found painted in scenes on ceramic vessels. I sought out instances in which faces (some combination of eyes, nose, and mouth) are shown on inanimate objects. . . . Consider my iPhone, which needs to be fed with electricity every night, swaddled in a protective bumper, and enjoys communicating with other fellow-phone-beings. Does it have personhood (if at all) because it is connected to me, drawing this resource from me as an owner or source? For the Maya (who did have plenty of other communicating objects, if not smartphones), the answer was no. Nonhuman persons were not tethered to specific humans, and they did not derive their personhood from a connection with a human. . . . It’s a profoundly democratising way of understanding the world. Humans are not more important persons “ we are just one of many kinds of persons who inhabit this world. . . .
The Maya saw personhood as ‘activated’ by experiencing certain bodily needs and through participation in certain social activities. For example, among the faced objects that I examined, persons are marked by personal requirements (such as hunger, tiredness, physical closeness), and by community obligations (communication, interaction, ritual observance). In the images I examined, we see, for instance, faced objects being cradled in humans’ arms; we also see them speaking to humans. These core elements of personhood are both turned inward, what the body or self of a person requires, and outward, what a community expects of the persons who are a part of it, underlining the reciprocal nature of community membership. . . .
Personhood was a nonbinary proposition for the Maya. Entities were able to be persons while also being something else. The faced objects I looked at indicate that they continue to be functional, doing what objects do (a stone implement continues to chop, an incense burner continues to do its smoky work). Furthermore, the Maya visually depicted many objects in ways that indicated the material category to which they belonged “ drawings of the stone implement show that a person-tool is still made of stone. One additional complexity: the incense burner (which would have been made of clay, and decorated with spiky appliques representing the sacred ceiba tree found in this region) is categorised as a person “ but also as a tree. With these Maya examples, we are challenged to discard the person/nonperson binary that constitutes our basic ontological outlook. . . . The porousness of boundaries that we have seen in the Maya world points towards the possibility of living with a certain uncategorisability of the world.
- Which one of the following, if true about the Classic Maya, would invalidate the purpose of the iPhone example in the passage?
- The personhood of the incense burner and the stone chopper was a function of their usefulness to humans.
- Classic Maya songs represent both humans and non-living objects as characters, talking and interacting with each other.
- The clay incense burner with spiky appliques was categorised only as a person and not as a tree by the Classic Maya.
- Unlike modern societies equipped with mobile phones, the Classic Maya did not have any communicating objects.
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Explanatory Answer
The author cites the example of an iPhone to illustrate the idea that nonhuman persons did not derive their personhood simply because of their human connection or their usefulness to humans. The Maya would not have regarded the iphone as a nonhuman person; personhood would be ‘activated’ only when the nonhuman person experiences certain bodily needs or participates in certain social activities.
If option A were true “ if the incense burner and stone chopper were regarded as persons just because of their usefulness to humans “ then the purpose of the iPhone example would be invalidated.
All other options given do not relate to the reason why Maya categorised objects as persons. So, these are ruled out.
The question is ” Which one of the following, if true about the Classic Maya, would invalidate the purpose of the iPhone example in the passage? “
Hence, the answer is ‘The personhood of the incense burner and the stone chopper was a function of their usefulness to humans.’
Choice A is the correct answer.
- CAT 2021 Slot 1 – VA RCWhich one of the following, if true, would not undermine the democratising potential of the Classic Maya worldview?
- They believed that animals like cats and dogs that live in proximity to humans have a more clearly articulated personhood.
- They understood the stone implement and the incense burner in a purely human form.
- While they believed in the personhood of objects and plants, they did not believe in the personhood of rivers and animals.
- They depicted their human healers with physical attributes of local medicinal plants.
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Explanatory Answer
Trickily worded question. The answer option is one that does not undermine the democratising potential of the Maya worldview. That is, it should be in line with the Maya worldview.
Let us look at the options one after the other.
If option A were true, cats and dogs would be considered superior to other nonpersons. This would mean an unequal world. So, option A would undermine the ‘democratising’ potential of the Maya worldview.
If option B were true and the stone implement and incense burner were only regarded as humans, not objects, that would again suggest humans are in some way superior to nonpersons. The Maya thought entities could be persons while also being something else. So, option B, too, would undermine the ‘democratising’ potential of the Maya worldview.
Similarly, if option C were true, then it would suggest that some objects ‘deserved’ to be persons, while others did not. This too would undermine the ‘democratising’ potential of the Maya worldview.
Only option D, if true, is in line with the essence of the Maya worldview. Human healers being given the physical attributes of local medicinal plants suggests that these plants are equal in status to humans.
The question is ” Which one of the following, if true, would not undermine the democratising potential of the Classic Maya worldview? “
Hence, the answer is ‘They depicted their human healers with physical attributes of local medicinal plants.’
Choice D is the correct answer.
- CAT 2021 Slot 1 – VA RCOn the basis of the passage, which one of the following worldviews can be inferred to be closest to that of the Classic Maya?
- A tribe that perceives its hunting weapons as sacred person-artefacts because of their significance to its survival.
- A futuristic society that perceives robots to be persons as well as robots because of their similarity to humans.
- A tribe that perceives plants as person-plants because they form an ecosystem and are marked by needs of nutrition.
- A tribe that perceives its utensils as person-utensils in light of their functionality and bodily needs.
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Explanatory Answer
For the Mayans, personhood ‘activated’ by experiencing certain bodily needs and through participation in certain social activities.
Personhood was not based on the usefulness of nonpersons to humans or their similarity to humans. So, options A and B are easily ruled out.
While both options C and D talk about the ‘bodily needs’ of nonpersons, only C relates to the idea of social participation. Plants form an ecosystem, participating in a community. Option D, on the other hand, talks about the functionality of utensils being a reason why they are regarded as persons. This is not in line with the Classic Maya worldview. So, the correct answer is option C.
The question is ” On the basis of the passage, which one of the following worldviews can be inferred to be closest to that of the Classic Maya? “
Hence, the answer is ‘A tribe that perceives plants as person-plants because they form an ecosystem and are marked by needs of nutrition.’
Choice C is the correct answer.
- CAT 2021 Slot 1 – VA RCWhich one of the following best explains the “additional complexity” that the example of the incense burner illustrates regarding personhood for the Classic Maya?
- The example adds a new layer to the nonbinary understanding of personhood by bringing in a third category that shares a dissimilar relation with the previous two.
- The example complicates the nonbinary understanding of personhood by bringing in the sacred, establishing the porosity of the divine and the profane.
- The example provides an exception to the nonbinary understanding of personhood that the passage had hitherto established.
- The example adds a new layer to the nonbinary understanding of personhood by bringing in a third category that shares a similar relation with the previous two.
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Explanatory Answer
In the example of the incense burner, the ‘additional complexity’ is that, in addition to being categorised as a person, it was also categorised as a tree as it was decorated with spiky appliques representing the sacred ceiba tree. The third categorisation as a tree is on par and similar to the other two categorisations; the same object is a tree and a person-tool. So, option D is the correct answer.
The question is ” Which one of the following best explains the “additional complexity” that the example of the incense burner illustrates regarding personhood for the Classic Maya? “
Hence, the answer is ‘The example adds a new layer to the nonbinary understanding of personhood by bringing in a third category that shares a similar relation with the previous two.’
Choice D is the correct answer.
The passage below is accompanied by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question.
We cannot travel outside our neighbourhood without passports. We must wear the same plain clothes. We must exchange our houses every ten years. We cannot avoid labour. We all go to bed at the same time . . . We have religious freedom, but we cannot deny that the soul dies with the body, since ‘but for the fear of punishment, they would have nothing but contempt for the laws and customs of society’. . . . In More’s time, for much of the population, given the plenty and security on offer, such restraints would not have seemed overly unreasonable. For modern readers, however, Utopia appears to rely upon relentless transparency, the repression of variety, and the curtailment of privacy. Utopia provides security: but at what price? In both its external and internal relations, indeed, it seems perilously dystopian.
Such a conclusion might be fortified by examining selectively the tradition which follows More on these points. This often portrays societies where . . . ‘it would be almost impossible for man to be depraved, or wicked’. . . . This is achieved both through institutions and mores, which underpin the common life. . . . The passions are regulated and inequalities of wealth and distinction are minimized. Needs, vanity, and emulation are restrained, often by prizing equality and holding riches in contempt. The desire for public power is curbed. Marriage and sexual intercourse are often controlled: in Tommaso Campanella’s The City of the Sun (1623), the first great literary utopia after More’s, relations are forbidden to men before the age of twenty-one and women before nineteen. Communal child-rearing is normal; for Campanella this commences at age two. Greater simplicity of life, ‘living according to nature’, is often a result: the desire for simplicity and purity are closely related. People become more alike in appearance, opinion, and outlook than they often have been. Unity, order, and homogeneity thus prevail at the cost of individuality and diversity. This model, as J. C. Davis demonstrates, dominated early modern utopianism. . . . And utopian homogeneity remains a familiar theme well into the twentieth century.
Given these considerations, it is not unreasonable to take as our starting point here the hypothesis that utopia and dystopia evidently share more in common than is often supposed. Indeed, they might be twins, the progeny of the same parents. Insofar as this proves to be the case, my linkage of both here will be uncomfortably close for some readers. Yet we should not mistake this argument for the assertion that all utopias are, or tend to produce, dystopias. Those who defend this proposition will find that their association here is not nearly close enough. For we have only to acknowledge the existence of thousands of successful intentional communities in which a cooperative ethos predominates and where harmony without coercion is the rule to set aside such an assertion. Here the individual’s submersion in the group is consensual (though this concept is not unproblematic). It results not in enslavement but voluntary submission to group norms. Harmony is achieved without . . . harming others.
- CAT 2021 Slot 1 – VA RCFollowing from the passage, which one of the following may be seen as a characteristic of a utopian society?
- A society without any laws to restrain one’s individuality.
- Institutional surveillance of every individual to ensure his/her security and welfare.
- A society where public power is earned through merit rather than through privilege.
- The regulation of homogeneity through promoting competitive heterogeneity.
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Explanatory Answer
Note these lines that describe Utopia in the first paragraph: ‘Utopia appears to rely upon relentless transparency, the repression of variety, and the curtailment of privacy. Utopia provides security: but at what price?’ So, institutional surveillance in the name of security can be seen as a characteristic of a Utopian society. Options A and D are also ruled out from these lines. In the second paragraph, the passage mentions that Utopia curbs the desire for public power and promotes equality. So, option C is also incorrect.
The question is ” Following from the passage, which one of the following may be seen as a characteristic of a utopian society? “
Hence, the answer is ‘Institutional surveillance of every individual to ensure his/her security and welfare.’
Choice B is the correct answer.
- CAT 2021 Slot 1 – VA RCWhich sequence of words below best captures the narrative of the passage?
- Curtailment of privacy – Dystopia – Utopia – Intentional community.
- Relentless transparency – Homogeneity – Utopia – Dystopia.
- Utopia – Security – Dystopia – Coercion.
- Utopia – Security – Homogeneity – Intentional community.
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Explanatory Answer
A tricky question. All options contain words that are key ideas in the passage. So, to choose the correct option, we need to look at an important idea that is missed in some options. Options B and C can be ruled out this way, as they do not mention ‘intentional communities’ which is a key idea in the last paragraph. Between options A and B, option A does not mention the idea of ‘homogeneity’, which the passage talks about in detail in the second paragraph. Option D includes both these ideas and hence it best captures the narrative of the passage.
The question is ” Which sequence of words below best captures the narrative of the passage? “
Hence, the answer is ‘Utopia “ Security “ Homogeneity “ Intentional community.’
Choice D is the correct answer.
- CAT 2021 Slot 1 – VA RC All of the following statements can be inferred from the passage EXCEPT that:
- it is possible to see utopias as dystopias, with a change in perspective, because one person’s utopia could be seen as another’s dystopia.
- utopian and dystopian societies are twins, the progeny of the same parents.
- utopian societies exist in a long tradition of literature dealing with imaginary people practicing imaginary customs, in imaginary worlds.
- many conceptions of utopian societies emphasise the importance of social uniformity and cultural homogeneity.
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Explanatory Answer
A tricky question. The author starts the last paragraph saying that as utopia and dystopia share a lot in common, it may not be unreasonable to start with the hypothesis that they are ‘twins’. But the author goes on to say that while the two are ‘uncomfortably close’, ‘we should not mistake this argument for the assertion that all utopias are, or tend to produce, dystopias. Those who defend this proposition will find that their association here is not nearly close enough’. In other words, utopias are not dystopias and the two cannot be regarded as exactly alike, or twins. Option B cannot be inferred from the passage.
Option A can be inferred, from the lines ‘Utopia provides security: but at what price? In both its external and internal relations, indeed, it seems perilously dystopian’.
In the second paragraph, the passage talks about the literary utopia of More and Campanella with imaginary customs and rules being practised in these imaginary societies. So, option C can be inferred.
Again, from the last lines of the second paragraph ‘utopian homogeneity remains a familiar theme well into the twentieth century’, option D can also be inferred.
The question is ” All of the following statements can be inferred from the passage EXCEPT t
Hence, the answer is ‘utopian and dystopian societies are twins, the progeny of the same parents.’
Choice B is the correct answer
- CAT 2021 Slot 1 – VA RC All of the following arguments are made in the passage EXCEPT that:
- in More’s time, there was plenty and security, so people did not need restraints that could appear unreasonable.
- the tradition of utopian literature has often shown societies in which it would be nearly impossible for anyone to be sinful or criminal.
- there have been thousands of communities where homogeneity and stability have been achieved through choice, rather than by force.
- in early modern utopianism, the stability of utopian societies was seen to be achieved only with individuals surrendering their sense of self.
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Explanatory Answer
Another tricky question. The passage states that ‘in More’s time, for much of the population, given the plenty and security on offer, such restraints would not have seemed overly unreasonable‘. Option A alters a few words and changes the meaning of what is stated in the passage. The passage does not say people ‘need’ restraints.
Option B is true, based on the second paragraph which states that the tradition which follows More ‘often portrays societies where . . . ‘it would be almost impossible for man to be depraved, or wicked’.
Option C is true based on the last few lines of the passage: ‘For we have only to acknowledge the existence of thousands of successful intentional communities in which a cooperative ethos predominates and where harmony without coercion is the rule to set aside such an assertion’.
From the last few lines of the second paragraph, we know option D is true : ‘Unity, order, and homogeneity thus prevail at the cost of individuality and diversity. This model, as J. C. Davis demonstrates, dominated early modern utopianism’.
The question is ” All of the following arguments are made in the passage EXCEPT that: “
Hence, the answer is ‘in More’s time, there was plenty and security, so people did not need restraints that could appear unreasonable.’
Choice A is the correct answer.
The passage below is accompanied by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question.
Cuttlefish are full of personality, as behavioral ecologist Alexandra Schnell found out while researching the cephalopod’s potential to display self-control. . . . “Self-control is thought to be the cornerstone of intelligence, as it is an important prerequisite for complex decision-making and planning for the future,” says Schnell . . .
[Schnell’s] study used a modified version of the “marshmallow test” . . . During the original marshmallow test, psychologist Walter Mischel presented children between age four and six with one marshmallow. He told them that if they waited 15 minutes and didn’t eat it, he would give them a second marshmallow. A long-term follow-up study showed that the children who waited for the second marshmallow had more success later in life. . . . The cuttlefish version of the experiment looked a lot different. The researchers worked with six cuttlefish under nine months old and presented them with seafood instead of sweets. (Preliminary experiments showed that cuttlefishes’ favorite food is live grass shrimp, while raw prawns are so-so and Asian shore crab is nearly unacceptable.) Since the researchers couldn’t explain to the cuttlefish that they would need to wait for their shrimp, they trained them to recognize certain shapes that indicated when a food item would become available. The symbols were pasted on transparent drawers so that the cuttlefish could see the food that was stored inside. One drawer, labeled with a circle to mean “immediate,” held raw king prawn. Another drawer, labeled with a triangle to mean “delayed,” held live grass shrimp. During a control experiment, square labels meant “never.”
“If their self-control is flexible and I hadn’t just trained them to wait in any context, you would expect the cuttlefish to take the immediate reward [in the control], even if it’s their second preference,” says Schnell . . . and that’s what they did. That showed the researchers that cuttlefish wouldn’t reject the prawns if it was the only food available. In the experimental trials, the cuttlefish didn’t jump on the prawns if the live grass shrimp were labeled with a triangle”many waited for the shrimp drawer to open up. Each time the cuttlefish showed it could wait, the researchers tacked another ten seconds on to the next round of waiting before releasing the shrimp. The longest that a cuttlefish waited was 130 seconds.
Schnell [says] that the cuttlefish usually sat at the bottom of the tank and looked at the two food items while they waited, but sometimes, they would turn away from the king prawn “as if to distract themselves from the temptation of the immediate reward.” In past studies, humans, chimpanzees, parrots and dogs also tried to distract themselves while waiting for a reward.
Not every species can use self-control, but most of the animals that can share another trait in common: long, social lives. Cuttlefish, on the other hand, are solitary creatures that don’t form relationships even with mates or young. . . . “We don’t know if living in a social group is important for complex cognition unless we also show those abilities are lacking in less social species,” says . . . comparative psychologist Jennifer Vonk.
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- CAT 2021 Slot 1 – VA RCAll of the following constitute a point of difference between the “original” and “modified” versions of the marshmallow test EXCEPT that:
- the former correlated self-control and future success, while the latter correlated self-control and survival advantages.
- the former was performed over a longer time span than the latter.
- the former had human subjects, while the latter had cuttlefish.
- the former used verbal communication with its subjects, while the latter had to develop a symbolic means of communication.
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Explanatory Answer
The passage does not state that the modified version of the marshmallow test aimed to correlate self-control with survival advantages.
The differences mentioned in options B, C and D are discussed in the passage. While in the original test, children had to wait for 15 minutes to get the second marshmallow, the longest a cuttlefish waited was 130 seconds. Options C and D are clearly true.
The question is ” All of the following constitute a point of difference between the “original” and “modified” versions of the marshmallow test EXCEPT that: “
Hence, the answer is ‘the former correlated self-control and future success, while the latter correlated self-control and survival advantages.’
Choice A is the correct answer.
- CAT 2021 Slot 1 – VA RCWhich one of the following, if true, would best complement the passage’s findings?
- Cuttlefish wait longer than 100 seconds for the shrimp drawer to open up.
- Cuttlefish live in big groups that exhibit sociability.
- Cuttlefish cannot distinguish between geometrical shapes.
- Cuttlefish are equally fond of live grass shrimp and raw prawn.
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Explanatory Answer
The key finding of the experiment is that cuttlefish exhibit self-control. According to the passage, species that exhibit self-control are usually social. Cuttlefish are not. But if it were true that cuttlefish exhibit sociability, you could conclude that like most other social creatures, cuttlefish, too, exhibit self-control. So if option B were true, the findings of the passage would be in line with what is generally observed. So, that way, it would complement the findings.
All other options don’t relate positively with the passage’s findings. The passage states cuttlefish waited up to 130 sec for the shrimp to be released, so option 1 doesn’t add to the findings in any way. If the cuttlefish cannot recognise shapes, then the basic premise of the experiment“ that they see the shape pasted on the drawer and decide whether to wait“ is negated. If cuttlefish are equally fond of shrimp and prawn, there is no reason for them to wait. So, all other options are ruled out.
The question is ” Which one of the following, if true, would best complement the passage’s findings? “
Hence, the answer is ‘Cuttlefish live in big groups that exhibit sociability.’
Choice B is the correct answer.
- CAT 2021 Slot 1 – VA RCIn which one of the following scenarios would the cuttlefish’s behaviour demonstrate self-control?
- Asian shore crabs and raw prawns are simultaneously released while a live grass shrimp drawer labelled with a triangle is placed in front of the cuttlefish, to be opened after one minute.
- raw prawns are released while a live grass shrimp drawer labelled with a square is placed in front of the cuttlefish.
- live grass shrimp are released while two raw prawn drawers labelled with a circle and a triangle respectively are placed in front of the cuttlefish; the triangle-labelled drawer is opened after 50 seconds.
- raw prawns are released while an Asian shore crab drawer labelled with a triangle is placed in front of the cuttlefish, to be opened after one minute
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Explanatory Answer
In the experiment, cuttlefish were trained to recognise circle to mean ‘immediate’, triangle to mean ‘delayed’ and square to mean ‘never’. The passage also states that cuttlefishes’ favorite food is live grass shrimp, while raw prawns are so-so and Asian shore crab is nearly unacceptable. So, the cuttlefish would demonstrate self -control if they waited for live grass shrimp labelled with a triangle to be opened while other food was readily available.
The question is ” In which one of the following scenarios would the cuttlefish’s behaviour demonstrate self-control? “
Hence, the answer is ‘Asian shore crabs and raw prawns are simultaneously released while a live grass shrimp drawer labelled with a triangle is placed in front of the cuttlefish, to be opened after one minute.’
Choice A is the correct answer.
- CAT 2021 Slot 1 – VA RCWhich one of the following cannot be inferred from Alexandra Schnell’s experiment?
- Intelligence in a species is impossible without sociability.
- Like human children, cuttlefish are capable of self-control.
- Cuttlefish exert self-control with the help of diversions.
- Cuttlefish exercise choice when it comes to food.
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explanatory Answer
The passage states that ‘most of the animals’ that can exercise self-control are social. Cuttlefish exhibit self-control and are not social. So, option A is not inferred from the experiment.
Options B, C and D are easily inferred from the information given in the passage.
The question is ” Which one of the following cannot be inferred from Alexandra Schnell’s experiment? “
Hence, the answer is ‘Intelligence in a species is impossible without sociability.’
Choice A is the correct answer.
- CAT 2021 Slot 1 – VA RCThe passage given below is followed by four alternate summaries. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the passage.
McGurk and MacDonald (1976) reported a powerful multisensory illusion occurring with audio-visual speech. They recorded a voice articulating a consonant ‘ba-ba-ba’ and dubbed it with a face articulating another consonant ‘ga-ga-ga’. Even though the acoustic speech signal was well recognized alone, it was heard as another consonant after dubbing with incongruent visual speech i.e., ‘da-da-da’. The illusion, termed as the McGurk effect, has been replicated many times, and it has sparked an abundance of research. The reason for the great impact is that this is a striking demonstration of multisensory integration, where that auditory and visual information is merged into a unified, integrated percept.- When the auditory speech signal does not match the visual speech movements, the acoustic speech signal is confusing and integration of the two is imperfect.
- When the quality of auditory information is poor, the visual information wins over the auditory information.
- The McGurk effect which is a demonstration of multisensory integration has been replicated many times.
- Visual speech mismatched with auditory speech can result in the perception of an entirely different message: this illusion is known as the McGurk effect.
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Explanatory Answer
The paragraph given explains the McGurk effect“ the merging of auditory and visual information into a unified integrated percept. Where there is a mismatch of audio and video signals, the message perceived is completely different from either of the signals. Option D summarises the paragraph well.
Option A is incorrect, as it says that the ‘acoustic speech signal is confusing and integration of the two is imperfect’. The integration of the signals is not imperfect and both speech and audio signals are perceived differently in case of a mismatch.
Option B is incorrect too, as there is no ‘winning’ signal.
What option C states is true, but it does not summarise the main idea of the paragraph.
The answer is ‘Visual speech mismatched with auditory speech can result in the perception of an entirely different message: this illusion is known as the McGurk effect.’
Choice D is the correct answer.
- CAT 2021 Slot 1 – VA RCFive jumbled up sentences, related to a topic, are given below. Four of them can be put together to form a coherent paragraph. Identify the odd one out and key in the number of the sentence as your answer:
1. The legal status of resources mined in space remains ambiguous; and while the market for asteroid minerals is currently nonexistent, this is likely to change as technical hurdles diminish.
2. Outer space is a commons, and all of it is open for exploration, however, space law developed in the 1950s and 60s is state-centric and arguably ill-suited to a commercial future.
3. Laws adopted by the US and Luxembourg are first steps, but they only protect firms from competing claims by their compatriots; a Chinese company will not be bound by US law.
4. Critics say the US is conferring rights that it has no authority to confer; Russia in particular has condemned this, citing the US’ disrespect for international law.
5. At issue now is commercial activity, as private firms”rather than nation states”look to space for profit.
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Explanatory Answer
All given sentences other than sentence 4 relate to private commercial activity in space and the limitations of outdated space laws. Sentence 4 starts with ˜critics™ which does not link to any of the given sentences.
Sentences 5, 2 and 3 relate to commercial activity by private firms as opposed to nation states in space and the ill-suitability of existing state-centric laws. Sentence 1, on the legal status of space mining, adds to 2. In the order 5213, the sentences given form a cogent paragraph; 4 is the odd one out.
The answer is ‘4’
- CAT 2021 Slot 1 – VA RCThe four sentences (labelled 1, 2, 3, 4) below, when properly sequenced would yield a coherent paragraph. Decide on the proper sequencing of the order of the sentences and key in the sequence of the four numbers as your answer:
1. The work is more than the text, for the text only takes on life, when it is realized and furthermore the realization is by no means independent of the individual disposition of the reader.
2. The convergence of text and reader brings the literary work into existence and this convergence is not to be identified either with the reality of the text or with the individual disposition of the reader.
3. From this polarity it follows that the literary work cannot be completely identical with the text, or with the realization of the text, but in fact must lie halfway between the two.
4. The literary work has two poles, which we might call the artistic and the aesthetic; the artistic refers to the text created by the author, and the aesthetic to the realization accomplished by the reader.
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Explanatory Answer
Sentences 1 and 2 form a unit: sentence 1 states that text takes on life only when it is realised and that the realisation itself depends on the reader’s disposition. Sentence 2 adds to 1, discussing the convergence of the text and the reader.
In the same way, sentences 4 and 3 form a unit: the ‘polarity’ mentioned in 3 is explained in 4.
Sentence 4, in fact, states the main idea of the paragraph “ the two poles of every literary work, the text by the author and the realisation accomplished by the reader.
4312 makes a cogent paragraph.
The answer is ‘4312’
- CAT 2021 Slot 1 – VA RCThe four sentences (labelled 1, 2, 3, 4) below, when properly sequenced would yield a coherent paragraph. Decide on the proper sequencing of the order of the sentences and key in the sequence of the four numbers as your answer:
1. A popular response is the exhortation to plant more trees.
2. It seems all but certain that global warming will go well above two degrees”quite how high no one knows yet.
3. Burning them releases it, which is why the scale of forest fires in the Amazon basin last year garnered headlines.
4. This is because trees sequester carbon by absorbing carbon dioxide.
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Explanatory Answer
Sentence 2 is the best opening sentence for the paragraph. Sentence 2 talks about global warming and sentence 1 follows this up with a ˜popular response™ to the problem“ the exhortation to plant more trees. Sentence 4 explains why: trees sequester carbon. Sentence 3 adds to 4. So, 2143 is the correct order.
The answer is ‘2143’
- CAT 2021 Slot 1 – VA RCThe four sentences (labelled 1, 2, 3, 4) below, when properly sequenced would yield a coherent paragraph. Decide on the proper sequencing of the order of the sentences and key in the sequence of the four numbers as your answer:
1. In the central nervous systems of other animal species, such a comprehensive regeneration of neurons has not yet been proven beyond doubt.
2. Biologists from the University of Bayreuth have discovered a uniquely rapid form of regeneration in injured neurons and their function in the central nervous system of zebrafish.
3. They studied the Mauthner cells, which are solely responsible for the escape behaviour of the fish, and previously regarded as incapable of regeneration.
4. However, their ability to regenerate crucially depends on the location of the injury.
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Explanatory Answer
Sentence 2 is the best opening sentence. Sentence 3 begins with the pronoun ˜they™ (which can only refer to the biologists, the subject of sentence 1) and describes what was studied. So, 3 follows 2. The best place for sentence 4 in the paragraph is immediately after 3. Sentence 1, which talks about other species, must be the last sentence of the paragraph. So, 2341 is the correct order.
The answer is ‘2341’
- CAT 2021 Slot 1 – VA RCFive jumbled up sentences, related to a topic, are given below. Four of them can be put together to form a coherent paragraph. Identify the odd one out and key in the number of the sentence as your answer:
1. There is a dark side to academic research, especially in India, and at its centre is the phenomenon of predatory journals.
2. But in truth, as long as you pay, you can get anything published.
3. In look and feel thus, they are exactly like any reputed journal.
4. They claim to be indexed in the most influential databases, say they possess editorial boards that comprise top scientists and researchers, and claim to have a rigorous peer-review structure.
5. But a large section of researchers and scientists across the world are at the receiving end of nothing short of an academic publishing scam.
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Explanatory Answer
Sentence 1 states the main idea of the paragraph. Sentences 4 and 3 form a unit: 4 explains how the journals are indexed and structured and 3 follows this up stating that they have the look and feel of any reputed journal. This begs the question, ˜What is then wrong with these journals?™ Sentence 2 answers this. 1432 forms a cogent paragraph. Sentence 5 talks of an ˜academic publishing scam™ but none of the other sentences shed any light on this. So, 5 is the sentence to be eliminated.
The answer is ‘5’
- CAT 2021 Slot 1 – VA RCThe passage given below is followed by four alternate summaries. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the passage.
Developing countries are becoming hotbeds of business innovation in much the same way as Japan did from the 1950s onwards. They are reinventing systems of production and distribution, and experimenting with entirely new business models. Why are countries that were until recently associated with cheap hands now becoming leaders in innovation? Driven by a mixture of ambition and fear they are relentlessly climbing up the value chain. Emerging-market champions have not only proved highly competitive in their own backyards, they are also going global themselves.- Developing countries are being forced to invent new business models which challenge the old business models, so they can remain competitive domestically.
- Innovations in production and distribution are helping emerging economies compete with countries to which they once supplied cheap labour.
- Competition has driven emerging economies, once suppliers of cheap labour, to become innovators of business models that have enabled them to move up the value chain and go global.
- Production and distribution models are going through rapid innovations worldwide as developed countries are being challenged by their earlier suppliers from the developing world.
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Explanatory Answer
The main idea of the given paragraph is that driven by ambition and fear, developing countries are becoming leaders in innovation and are highly competitive both domestically and globally. Option C touches upon all key ideas of the paragraph.
Option A states that developing countries have invented new business models solely to remain competitive domestically. This is incorrect.
Option B is true but is not as comprehensive a summary as option C.
Option D states that production and distribution models are going through innovations ‘worldwide’. The paragraph given only talks about developing countries innovating and transforming.
The answer is ‘Competition has driven emerging economies, once suppliers of cheap labour, to become innovators of business models that have enabled them to move up the value chain and go global.’
Choice C is the correct answer.
- CAT 2021 Slot 1 – VA RCThe passage given below is followed by four alternate summaries. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the passage.
Foreign peacekeepers often exist in a bubble in the poor countries in which they are deployed; they live in posh compounds, drive fancy vehicles, and distance themselves from locals. This may be partially justified as they are outsiders, living in constant fear, performing a job that is emotionally draining. But they are often despised by the locals, and many would like them to leave. A better solution would be bottom-up peacebuilding, which would involve their spending more time working with communities, understanding their grievances and earning their trust, rather than only meeting government officials.- The environment in poor countries has tended to make foreign peacekeeping forces live in enclaves, but it is time to change this scenario.
- Peacekeeping duties would be more effectively performed by local residents given their better understanding, knowledge and rapport with their own communities.
- Peacekeeping forces in foreign countries have tended to be aloof for valid reasons but would be more effective if they worked more closely with local communities.
- Extravagant lifestyles and an aloof attitude among the foreigners working as peace
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Explanatory Answer
The paragraph given states that while foreign peacekeepers, due to some valid reasons, tend to live in a bubble in the poor countries where they are deployed, a bottom-up peacebuilding approach working in concert with the locals would be more effective. Option C summarises the paragraph well.
Option A does not touch upon the idea of bottom-up peace building. So, it is incorrect.
The paragraph does not say locals would be better at peacekeeping; B is incorrect.
The paragraph also does not say local anger against foreign peacekeepers makes them ‘the target of local anger’. Option D is also incorrect.
The answer is ‘Peacekeeping forces in foreign countries have tended to be aloof for valid reasons but would be more effective if they worked more closely with local communities.’
Choice C is the correct answer.
