The passage below is accompanied by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question.
The Chinese have two different concepts of a copy. Fangzhipin . . . are imitations where the difference from the original is obvious. These are small models or copies that can be purchased in a museum shop, for example. The second concept for a copy is fuzhipin . . . They are exact reproductions of the original, which, for the Chinese, are of equal value to the original. It has absolutely no negative connotations. The discrepancy with regard to the understanding of what a copy is has often led to misunderstandings and arguments between China and Western museums. The Chinese often send copies abroad instead of originals, in the firm belief that they are not essentially different from the originals. The rejection that then comes from the Western museums is perceived by the Chinese as an insult. . . .
The Far Eastern notion of identity is also very confusing to the Western observer. The Ise Grand Shrine [in Japan] is 1,300 years old for the millions of Japanese people who go there on pilgrimage every year. But in reality this temple complex is completely rebuilt from scratch every 20 years. . . .
The cathedral of Freiburg Minster in southwest Germany is covered in scaffolding almost all year round. The sandstone from which it is built is a very soft, porous material that does not withstand natural erosion by rain and wind. After a while, it crumbles. As a result, the cathedral is continually being examined for damage, and eroded stones are replaced. And in the cathedral’s dedicated workshop, copies of the damaged sandstone figures are constantly being produced. Of course, attempts are made to preserve the stones from the Middle Ages for as long as possible. But at some point they, too, are removed and replaced with new stones.
Fundamentally, this is the same operation as with the Japanese shrine, except in this case the production of a replica takes place very slowly and over long periods of time. . . . In the field of art as well, the idea of an unassailable original developed historically in the Western world. Back in the 17th century [in the West], excavated artworks from antiquity were treated quite differently from today. They were not restored in a way that was faithful to the original. Instead, there was massive intervention in these works, changing their appearance. . . .
It is probably this intellectual position that explains why Asians have far fewer scruples about cloning than Europeans. The South Korean cloning researcher Hwang Woo-suk, who attracted worldwide attention with his cloning experiments in 2004, is a Buddhist. He found a great deal of support and followers among Buddhists, while Christians called for a ban on human cloning. . . . Hwang legitimised his cloning experiments with his religious affiliation: ‘I am Buddhist, and I have no philosophical problem with cloning. And as you know, the basis of Buddhism is that life is recycled through reincarnation. In some ways, I think, therapeutic cloning restarts the circle of life.’
CAT 2022 Slot 1 – VA RC
Based on the passage, which one of the following copies would a Chinese museum be unlikely to consider as having less value than the original?
- Pablo Picasso’s painting of Vincent van Gogh’s original painting, identical in every respect.
- Pablo Picasso’s photograph of Vincent van Gogh’s original painting, printed to exactly the same scale.
- Pablo Picasso’s miniaturised, but otherwise faithful and accurate painting of Vincent van Gogh’s original painting.
- Pablo Picasso’s painting of Vincent van Gogh’s original painting, bearing Picasso’s signature
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Explanatory Answer
According to the passage, for the Chinese, Fuzhipin or exact reproductions of the original are equal in value to the original. Among the given options, only option A is an exact reproduction of the original. A photograph or a miniature is not an exact copy.
The question is ” Based on the passage, which one of the following copies would a Chinese museum be unlikely to consider as having less value than the original? “
Hence, the answer is ‘Pablo Picasso’s painting of Vincent van Gogh’s original painting, identical in every respect.’
Choice A is the correct answer.
- CAT 2022 Slot 1 – VA RCWhich one of the following statements does not correctly express the similarity between the Ise Grand Shrine and the cathedral of Freiburg Minster?
- Both can be regarded as very old structures.
- Both will one day be completely rebuilt.
- Both were built as places of worship.
- Both are continually undergoing restoration.
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Explanatory Answer
According to the passage, the Ise Shrine, unlike the Freiburg Minster, is not continually undergoing restoration, but is completely rebuilt from scratch every 20 years.
The question is ” Which one of the following statements does not correctly express the similarity between the Ise Grand Shrine and the cathedral of Freiburg Minster? “
Hence, the answer is ‘Both are continually undergoing restoration.’
Choice D is the correct answer.
- CAT 2022 Slot 1 – VA RCWhich one of the following scenarios is unlikely to follow from the arguments in the passage?
- A 17th century British painter would have no problem adding personal touches when restoring an ancient Roman painting.
- A 20th century Japanese Buddhist monk would value a reconstructed shrine as the original.
- A 17th century French artist who adhered to a Christian worldview would need to be completely true to the original intent of a painting when restoring it.
- A 21st century Christian scientist is likely to oppose cloning because of his philosophical orientation.
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Explanatory Answer
The passage says that in the 17th century in the West, interventions were made in excavated artworks. So, option A follows from the arguments of the passage. Option C is also about interventions in excavated artworks. Option C, however, implies that whether or not interventions were made was dependent on the religious worldview of the artist. The passage does not say so. So, option C does not follow from the given arguments. Based on the last paragraph, options B and D can be inferred.
The question is ” Which one of the following scenarios is unlikely to follow from the arguments in the passage? “
Hence, the answer is ‘A 17th century French artist who adhered to a Christian worldview would need to be completely true to the original intent of a painting when restoring it.’
Choice C is the correct answer.
- CAT 2022 Slot 1 – VA RCThe value that the modern West assigns to “an unassailable original” has resulted in all of the following EXCEPT:
- it discourages them from making interventions in ancient art.
- it discourages them from carrying out human cloning.
- it discourages them from simultaneous displays of multiple copies of a painting.
- it allows regular employment for certain craftsmen.
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Explanatory Answer
An “unassailable” original implies the original is inviolable. So, the value that the modern West assigns to an unassailable original clearly discourages them from making interventions in ancient art. It also discourages them from simultaneous displays of multiple copies of a painting, as copies are not considered to be of value (refer to the first paragraph). From the example of the cathedral of Freiburg Minster, it can also be inferred that the idea of an unassailable original provides those who restore the original with constant work. So, options A, C and D follow from the Western idea of an unassailable original.
Now, the passage does say that “Asians have far fewer scruples about cloning than Europeans”. So, the idea of an unassailable original does make more Europeans think of cloning as something that is morally wrong as compared to Asians. But based on the given information, nothing can be said about human cloning being actually carried out or otherwise. So, option B cannot be inferred from the given passage.
The question is ” The value that the modern West assigns to “an unassailable original” has resulted in all of the following EXCEPT: “
Hence, the answer is ‘it discourages them from carrying out human cloning.’
Choice B is the correct answer.
The passage below is accompanied by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question.
Stoicism was founded in 300 BC by the Greek philosopher Zeno and survived into the Roman era until about AD 300. According to the Stoics, emotions consist of two movements. The first movement is the immediate feeling and other reactions (e.g., physiological response) that occur when a stimulus or event occurs. For instance, consider what could have happened if an army general accused Marcus Aurelius of treason in front of other officers. The first movement for Marcus may have been (internal) surprise and anger in response to this insult, accompanied perhaps by some involuntary physiological and expressive responses such as face flushing and a movement of the eyebrows. The second movement is what one does next about the emotion. Second movement behaviors occur after thinking and are under one’s control. Examples of second movements for Marcus might have included a plot to seek revenge, actions signifying deference and appeasement, or perhaps proceeding as he would have proceeded whether or not this event occurred: continuing to lead the Romans in a way that Marcus Aurelius believed best benefited them. In the Stoic view, choosing a reasoned, unemotional response as the second movement is the only appropriate response.
The Stoics believed that to live the good life and be a good person, we need to free ourselves of nearly all desires such as too much desire for money, power, or sexual gratification. Prior to second movements, we can consider what is important in life. Money, power, and excessive sexual gratification are not important. Character, rationality, and kindness are important. The Epicureans, first associated with the Greek philosopher Epicurus . . . held a similar view, believing that people should enjoy simple pleasures, such as good conversation, friendship, food, and wine, but not be indulgent in these pursuits and not follow passion for those things that hold no real value like power and money. As Oatley (2004) states, “the Epicureans articulated a view—enjoyment of relationship with friends, of things that are real rather than illusory, simple rather than artificially inflated, possible rather than vanishingly unlikely—that is certainly relevant today” . . . In sum, these ancient Greek and Roman philosophers saw emotions, especially strong ones, as potentially dangerous. They viewed emotions as experiences that needed to be [reined] in and controlled.
As Oatley (2004) points out, the Stoic idea bears some similarity to Buddhism. Buddha, living in India in the 6th century BC, argued for cultivating a certain attitude that decreases the probability of (in Stoic terms) destructive second movements. Through meditation and the right attitude, one allows emotions to happen to oneself (it is impossible to prevent this), but one is advised to observe the emotions without necessarily acting on them; one achieves some distance and decides what has value and what does not have value. Additionally, the Stoic idea of developing virtue in oneself, of becoming a good person, which the Stoics believed we could do because we have a touch of the divine, laid the foundation for the three monotheistic religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam . . . As with Stoicism, tenets of these religions include controlling our emotions lest we engage in sinful behavior.
- CAT 2022 Slot 1 – VA RCOn the basis of the passage, which one of the following statements can be regarded as true?
- The Epicureans believed in controlling all emotions.
- There were no Stoics in India at the time of the Roman civilisation.
- The Stoic influences can be seen in multiple religions.
- The Stoics valorised the pursuit of money, power, and sexual gratification.
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Explanatory Answer
Refer to the last paragraph: “Additionally, the Stoic idea of developing virtue in oneself, of becoming a good person, which the Stoics believed we could do because we have a touch of the divine, laid the foundation for the three monotheistic religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam..”.
According to the passage, Epicureans believed in enjoying simple pleasures without indulging the, So, option A is incorrect.
Option B cannot be regarded true based on the contents of the passage. Option C is the exact opposite of what the passage says about Stoics.
The question is ” On the basis of the passage, which one of the following statements can be regarded as true? “
Hence, the answer is ‘The Stoic influences can be seen in multiple religions.’
Choice C is the correct answer.
- CAT 2022 Slot 1 – VA RCWhich one of the following statements, if false, could be seen as contradicting the facts/arguments in the passage?
- In the Epicurean view, indulging in simple pleasures is not desirable.
- Despite practising meditation and cultivating the right attitude, emotions cannot ever be controlled.
- In the Stoic view, choosing a reasoned, unemotional response as the first movement is an appropriate response to emotional situations.
- The Greek philosopher Zeno survived into the Roman era until about AD 300.
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Explanatory Answer
Double negative question. As it is easier to analyze options based on what is true than what is false, we could re-frame the question. A statement which, if false, contradicts the arguments of the passage is one that if true, supports the given arguments.
Option A, if true, supports the arguments of the passage: “The Epicureans, first associated with the Greek philosopher Epicurus . . . held a similar view, believing that people should enjoy simple pleasures, such as good conversation, friendship, food, and wine, but not be indulgent in these pursuits”. So, option A is the answer we are looking for.
Now, other options, if true, contradict the passage, as seen below.
The last paragraph explains how medication and cultivating the right attitude can help one distance from emotions and control them. So, option B, if true, contradicts the passage.
The passage says that “In the Stoic view, choosing a reasoned, unemotional response as the second movement is the only appropriate response”. Option C talks about a reasoned, unemotional response as the first movement. If true, option C contradicts the passage.
The first line of the passage says that Stoicism (not Zeno) survived into the Roman era until about AD 300. So, option D, too is incorrect.
The question is ” Which one of the following statements, if false, could be seen as contradicting the facts/arguments in the passage? “
Hence, the answer is ‘In the Epicurean view, indulging in simple pleasures is not desirable.’
Choice A is the correct answer.
- CAT 2022 Slot 1 – VA RC”Through meditation and the right attitude, one allows emotions to happen to oneself (it is impossible to prevent this), but one is advised to observe the emotions without necessarily acting on them; one achieves some distance and decides what has value and what does not have value.” In the context of the passage, which one of the following is not a possible implication of the quoted statement?
- Meditation allows certain out-of-body experiences that permit us to gain the distance necessary to control our emotions.
- Emotional responses can make it difficult to distinguish valuable experiences from valueless experiences.
- The observation of emotions in a distant manner corresponds to the second movement referred to earlier in the passage.
- “Meditation and the right attitude”, in this instance, implies an initially passive reception of all experiences.
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Explanatory Answer
The given line does not imply that meditation allows ‘out-of-body’ experiences.
On the other hand, it says that by distancing from emotions one can decide what has value and what does not have value. So, option B is implied.
The passage also says that second movement is what one does next about the emotion. So, option C is implied.
The given line also says that through meditation and the right attitude, one allows emotions to happen to oneself but can observe these emotions without acting on them. That is, one can passively receive experiences. So, option D is implied.
The answer is ‘Meditation allows certain out-of-body experiences that permit us to gain the distance necessary to control our emotions.’
Choice A is the correct answer.
- CAT 2022 Slot 1 – VA RCWhich one of the following statements would be an accurate inference from the example of Marcus Aurelius?
- Marcus Aurelius was humiliated by the accusation of treason in front of the other officers.
- Marcus Aurelius was one of the leaders of the Roman army.
- Marcus Aurelius was a Stoic whose philosophy survived into the Roman era.
- Marcus Aurelius plotted revenge in his quest for justice.
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Explanatory Answer
Refer to what the passage says about Marcus Aurelius: “Examples of second movements for Marcus might have included a plot to seek revenge, actions signifying deference and appeasement, or perhaps proceeding as he would have proceeded whether or not this event occurred: continuing to lead the Romans in a way that Marcus Aurelius believed best benefited them”. The only accurate inference that can be made from the example of Marcus Aurelius is that he was a leader in the Roman army.
The question is ” Which one of the following statements would be an accurate inference from the example of Marcus Aurelius? “
Hence, the answer is ‘Marcus Aurelius was one of the leaders of the Roman army.’
Choice B is the correct answer.
The passage below is accompanied by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question.
Critical theory of technology is a political theory of modernity with a normative dimension. It belongs to a tradition extending from Marx to Foucault and Habermas according to which advances in the formal claims of human rights take center stage while in the background centralization of ever more powerful public institutions and private organizations imposes an authoritarian social order.
Marx attributed this trajectory to the capitalist rationalization of production. Today it marks many institutions besides the factory and every modern political system, including so-called socialist systems. This trajectory arose from the problems of command over a disempowered and deskilled labor force; but everywhere [that] masses are organized – whether it be Foucault’s prisons or Habermas’s public sphere – the same pattern prevails. Technological design and development is shaped by this pattern as the material base of a distinctive social order. Marcuse would later point to a “project” as the basis of what he called rather confusingly “technological rationality.” Releasing technology from this project is a democratic political task.
In accordance with this general line of thought, critical theory of technology regards technologies as an environment rather than as a collection of tools. We live today with and even within technologies that determine our way of life. Along with the constant pressures to build centers of power, many other social values and meanings are inscribed in technological design. A hermeneutics of technology must make explicit the meanings implicit in the devices we use and the rituals they script. Social histories of technologies such as the bicycle, artificial lighting or firearms have made important contributions to this type of analysis. Critical theory of technology attempts to build a methodological approach on the lessons of these histories.
As an environment, technologies shape their inhabitants. In this respect, they are comparable to laws and customs. Each of these institutions can be said to represent those who live under their sway through privileging certain dimensions of their human nature. Laws of property represent the interest in ownership and control. Customs such as parental authority represent the interest of childhood in safety and growth. Similarly, the automobile represents its users in so far as they are interested in mobility. Interests such as these constitute the version of human nature sanctioned by society.
This notion of representation does not imply an eternal human nature. The concept of nature as non-identity in the Frankfurt School suggests an alternative. On these terms, nature is what lies at the limit of history, at the point at which society loses the capacity to imprint its meanings on things and control them effectively. The reference here is, of course, not to the nature of natural science, but to the lived nature in which we find ourselves and which we are. This nature reveals itself as that which cannot be totally encompassed by the machinery of society. For the Frankfurt School, human nature, in all its transcending force, emerges out of a historical context as that context is [depicted] in illicit joys, struggles and pathologies. We can perhaps admit a less romantic . . . conception in which those dimensions of human nature recognized by society are also granted theoretical legitimacy.
- CAT 2022 Slot 1 – VA RCAll of the following claims can be inferred from the passage, EXCEPT:
- technologies seek to privilege certain dimensions of human nature at a high cost to lived nature.
- the significance of parental authority to children’s safety does not therefore imply that parental authority is a permanent aspect of human nature.
- analyses of technologies must engage with their social histories to be able to reveal their implicit and explicit meanings for us.
- the critical theory of technology argues that, as issues of human rights become more prominent, we lose sight of the ways in which the social order becomes more authoritarian.
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Explanatory Answer
The passage does say that technologies, like laws and customs, shape their inhabitants by ‘privileging certain dimensions of their human nature’. But it does not say that technologies do so ‘at a high cost to lived nature’. Option A cannot be inferred.
The passage explains that customs such as parental authority represent the ‘interest of childhood in safety and growth’, and goes on to say that ‘this notion of representation does not imply an eternal human nature’. So, option B is implied.
Option C is inferred based on the lines, “A hermeneutics of technology must make explicit the meanings implicit in the devices we use and the rituals they script. Social histories of technologies such as the bicycle, artificial lighting or firearms have made important contributions to this type of analysis. Critical theory of technology attempts to build a methodological approach on the lessons of these histories.”
Option D is inferred from the first paragraph, which says that according to the critical theory of technology, “advances in the formal claims of human rights take center stage while in the background centralization of ever more powerful public institutions and private organizations imposes an authoritarian social order”.
The question is ” All of the following claims can be inferred from the passage, EXCEPT: “
Hence, the answer is ‘technologies seek to privilege certain dimensions of human nature at a high cost to lived nature.’
Choice A is the correct answer.
- CAT 2022 Slot 1 – VA RCWhich one of the following statements best reflects the main argument of the fourth paragraph of the passage?
- Technological environments privilege certain dimensions of human nature as effectively as laws and customs.
- Technology, laws, and customs are not unlike each other if considered as institutions.
- Technology, laws, and customs are comparable, but dissimilar phenomena.
- Automobiles represent the interest in mobility present in human nature.
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Explanatory Answer
The fourth paragraph says that technologies are comparable to laws and customs, and it calls each of these (technologies, laws and customs) as “institutions that can be said to represent those who live under their sway through privileging certain dimensions of their human nature”. Option B reflects this idea and is hence the right choice.
The passage does not comment on the effectiveness of laws and customs in privileging certain dimensions of human nature or compare technology with laws and customs in this respect. So, option A is incorrect.
Option C is incorrect as it calls technologies, laws and customs ‘dissimilar’ phenomena.
Option D, while true, is not the main argument of the paragraph. It only substantiates the main argument.
The question is ” Which one of the following statements best reflects the main argument of the fourth paragraph of the passage? “
Hence, the answer is ‘Technology, laws, and customs are not unlike each other if considered as institutions.’
Choice B is the correct answer.
- CAT 2022 Slot 1 – VA RCWhich one of the following statements contradicts the arguments of the passage?
- Marx’s understanding of the capitalist rationalisation of production and Marcuse’s understanding of a “project” of “technological rationality” share theoretical inclinations.
- Masses are organised in patterns set by Foucault’s prisons and Habermas’ public sphere.
- Paradoxically, the capitalist rationalisation of production is a mark of so-called socialist systems as well.
- The problems of command over a disempowered and deskilled labour force gave rise to similar patterns of the capitalist rationalisation of production wherever masses were organised.
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Explanatory Answer
The second paragraph says that wherever masses are organized, be it in Foucault’s prisons or Habermas’s public sphere, ‘the same pattern prevails’. The pattern referred to here is that even as human rights issues become more prominent, in the background the social order becomes more authoritarian. Option B, which says that masses themselves are organized in patterns set by Foucault’s prisons and Habermas’ public sphere, is incorrect.
From the second paragraph, we infer that Marx’s understanding of the capitalist rationalization of production and Marcuse’s understanding of a “project” of “technological rationality” are both related to the critical theory of technology. So, option A is in line with the arguments of the passage.
According to the passage, the capitalist rationalization of production “marks many institutions besides the factory and every modern political system, including so-called socialist systems.” So, option C is also in line with the arguments of the passage.
Based on the line, “This trajectory arose from the problems of command over a disempowered and deskilled labor force; but everywhere [that] masses are organized – whether it be Foucault’s prisons or Habermas’s public sphere – the same pattern prevails”, we can see that option D is also in line with the arguments of the passage.
The question is ” Which one of the following statements contradicts the arguments of the passage? “
Hence, the answer is ‘Masses are organised in patterns set by Foucault’s prisons and Habermas’ public sphere.’
Choice B is the correct answer.
- CAT 2022 Slot 1 – VA RCWhich one of the following statements could be inferred as supporting the arguments of the passage?
- The romantic conception of nature referred to by the passage is the one that requires theoretical legitimacy.
- Technologies form the environmental context and shape the contours of human society.
- It is not human nature, but human culture that is represented by institutions such as law and custom.
- Nature decides the point at which society loses its capacity to control history
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Explanatory Answer
The main idea of the passage is that as an environment, technologies shape their inhabitants. Option B rephrases this.
Based on the last line of the passage, we rule out option A.
The fourth paragraph clearly states laws and customs represent certain dimensions of their human nature. So, option C is ruled out.
Option D is incorrect as it states nature ‘decides’ what lies at the limit of history. The passage says nature is what lies at the limit of history.
The question is ” Which one of the following statements could be inferred as supporting the arguments of the passage? “
Hence, the answer is ‘Technologies form the environmental context and shape the contours of human society.’
Choice B is the correct answer.
The passage below is accompanied by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question.
Stories concerning the Undead have always been with us. From out of the primal darkness of Mankind’s earliest years, come whispers of eerie creatures, not quite alive (or alive in a way which we can understand), yet not quite dead either. These may have been ancient and primitive deities who dwelt deep in the surrounding forests and in remote places, or simply those deceased who refused to remain in their tombs and who wandered about the countryside, physically tormenting and frightening those who were still alive. Mostly they were ill-defined—strange sounds in the night beyond the comforting glow of the fire, or a shape, half-glimpsed in the twilight along the edge of an encampment. They were vague and indistinct, but they were always there with the power to terrify and disturb. They had the power to touch the minds of our early ancestors and to fill them with dread. Such fear formed the basis of the earliest tales although the source and exact nature of such terrors still remained very vague.
And as Mankind became more sophisticated, leaving the gloom of their caves and forming themselves into recognizable communities—towns, cities, whole cultures—so the Undead travelled with them, inhabiting their folklore just as they had in former times. Now they began to take on more definite shapes. They became walking cadavers; the physical embodiment of former deities and things which had existed alongside Man since the Creation. Some still remained vague and ill-defined but, as Mankind strove to explain the horror which it felt towards them, such creatures emerged more readily into the light.
In order to confirm their abnormal status, many of the Undead were often accorded attributes, which defied the natural order of things—the power to transform themselves into other shapes, the ability to sustain themselves by drinking human blood, and the ability to influence human minds across a distance. Such powers—described as supernatural—only [lent] an added dimension to the terror that humans felt regarding them.
And it was only natural, too, that the Undead should become connected with the practice of magic. From very early times, Shamans and witchdoctors had claimed at least some power and control over the spirits of departed ancestors, and this has continued down into more “civilized” times. Formerly, the invisible spirits and forces that thronged around men’s earliest encampments, had spoken “through” the tribal Shamans but now, as entities in their own right, they were subject to magical control and could be physically summoned by a competent sorcerer. However, the relationship between the magician and an Undead creature was often a very tenuous and uncertain one. Some sorcerers might have even become Undead entities once they died, but they might also have been susceptible to the powers of other magicians when they did.
From the Middle Ages and into the Age of Enlightenment, theories of the Undead continued to grow and develop. Their names became more familiar—werewolf, vampire, ghoul—each one certain to strike fear into the hearts of ordinary humans
- CAT 2022 Slot 1 – VA RC Which one of the following statements best describes what the passage is about?
- The passage discusses the evolution of theories of the Undead from primitive thinking to the Age of Enlightenment.
- The passage describes the failure of human beings to fully comprehend their environment.
- The writer discusses the transition from primitive thinking to the Age of Enlightenment.
- The writer describes the ways in which the Undead come to be associated with Shamans and the practice of magic.
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Explanatory Answer
The passage describes how the stories of the Undead have evolved from ill-defined eerie creatures of Mankind’s earliest years to more definite shaped and even supernatural/magical creatures as mankind became more sophisticated.
Options B and C are vague and do not even mention the word ‘Undead’. Option D is about only one aspect of the passage.
The question is ” Which one of the following statements best describes what the passage is about? “
Hence, the answer is ‘The passage discusses the evolution of theories of the Undead from primitive thinking to the Age of Enlightenment.’
Choice A is the correct answer.
- CAT 2022 Slot 1 – VA RC”In order to confirm their abnormal status, many of the Undead were often accorded attributes, which defied the natural order of things . . .” Which one of the following best expresses the claim made in this statement?
- The Undead are deified in nature’s order by giving them divine attributes.
- According the Undead an abnormal status is to reject the natural order of things.
- Human beings conceptualise the Undead as possessing abnormal features.
- The natural attributes of the Undead are rendered abnormal by changing their status.
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Explanatory Answer
The given line implies that the Undead were thought to be abnormal and hence accorded attributes which were not normal. Option C is the correct answer.
Option A states the Undead are deified (treated like deities). This is not what the given line says.
The given line does not express the opinion of the Undead. So, option B is incorrect.
Option D is about the “natural attributes” of the Undead, which is not what the given line is about.
The answer is ‘Human beings conceptualise the Undead as possessing abnormal features.’
Choice C is the correct answer.
- CAT 2022 Slot 1 – VA RCAll of the following statements, if false, could be seen as being in accordance with the passage, EXCEPT:
- the Undead remained vague and ill-defined, even as Mankind strove to understand the horror they inspired.
- the relationship between Shamans and the Undead was believed to be a strong and stable one.
- the growing sophistication of Mankind meant that humans stopped believing in the Undead.
- the transition from the Middle Ages to the Age of Enlightenment saw new theories of the Undead.
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Explanatory Answer
Trickily worded question, combining the “if false” condition with “all of the following …except”. As it is easier to evaluate true statements than false, let us re-frame the question as “All the following statements, if true, are not in accordance to the passage except one”.
Option A, if true, is not in accordance to the passage: “And as Mankind became more sophisticated, … Now they began to take on more definite shapes. Some still remained vague and ill-defined but, as Mankind strove to explain the horror which it felt towards them, such creatures emerged more readily into the light.”
Option B, if true, is also not in accordance to the passage: ‘However, the relationship between the magician and an Undead creature was often a very tenuous and uncertain one.”
Option C, if true, is also clearly not what the passage says. The passage says even as Man became sophisticated, he continued to believe in the Undead.
Option D, if true, is in accordance to the passage: “From the Middle Ages and into the Age of Enlightenment, theories of the Undead continued to grow and develop.” So, option D is the correct answer.
The question is ” All of the following statements, if false, could be seen as being in accordance with the passage, EXCEPT: “
Hence, the answer is ‘the transition from the Middle Ages to the Age of Enlightenment saw new theories of the Undead.’
Choice D is the correct answer.
- CAT 2022 Slot 1 – VA RCWhich one of the following observations is a valid conclusion to draw from the statement, “From out of the primal darkness of Mankind’s earliest years, come whispers of eerie creatures, not quite alive (or alive in a way which we can understand), yet not quite dead either.”?
- Mankind’s primal years were marked by creatures alive with eerie whispers, but seen only in the darkness.
- Mankind’s early years were marked by a belief in the existence of eerie creatures that were neither quite alive nor dead.
- We can understand the lives of the eerie creatures in Mankind’s early years through their whispers in the darkness.
- Long ago, eerie creatures used to whisper in the primal darkness that they were not quite dead.
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Explanatory Answer
The given line implies that in Mankind’s earliest years, belief in eerie creatures which were neither quite alive nor dead existed. Option B is the correct answer.
The answer is ‘Mankind’s early years were marked by a belief in the existence of eerie creatures that were neither quite alive nor dead.’
Choice B is the correct answer.
- CAT 2022 Slot 1 – VA RC The passage given below is followed by four alternate summaries. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the passage.
Petitioning is an expeditious democratic tradition, used frequently in prior centuries, by which citizens can bring issues directly to governments. As expressions of collective voice, they support procedural democracy by shaping agendas. They can also recruit citizens to causes, give voice to the vote less, and apply the discipline of rhetorical argument that clarifies a point of view. By contrast, elections are limited in several respects: they involve only a few candidates, and thus fall far short of a representative democracy. Further, voters’ choices are not specific to particular policies or laws, and elections are episodic, whereas the voice of the people needs to be heard and integrated constantly into democratic government.- Petitioning has been important to democratic functioning, as it supplements the electoral process by enabling ongoing engagement with the government.
- Petitioning is definitely more representative of the collective voice, and the functioning of democratic government could improve if we relied more on petitioning rather than holding periodic elections.
- By giving citizens greater control over shaping political and democratic agendas, political petitions are invaluable as they represent an ideal form of a representative democracy.
- Citizens become less inclined to petitioning as it enables vocal citizens to shape political agendas, but this needs to change to strengthen democracies today.
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Explanatory Answer
The given paragraph calls petitioning an “expeditious” democratic tradition and goes on to explain why: unlike elections which are episodic, petitions can ensure the voices of people are heard and integrated constantly into democratic government. Option A covers all key ideas and is the best of the given summaries.
Option B is incorrect as the paragraph given does not say we should rely more on petitioning than on elections.
Option C is incorrect as the paragraph does not call petitions “an ideal form of a representative democracy”.
Option D is easily ruled out as it is not what the paragraph is about.
The answer is ‘Petitioning has been important to democratic functioning, as it supplements the electoral process by enabling ongoing engagement with the government.’
Choice A is the correct answer.
- CAT 2022 Slot 1 – VA RC The passage given below is followed by four alternate summaries. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the passage.
All that we think we know about how life hangs together is really some kind of illusion that we have perpetrated on ourselves because of our limited vision. What appear to be inanimate objects such as stones turn out not only to be alive in the same way that we are, but also in many infinitesimal ways to be affected by stimuli just as humans are. The distinction between animate and inanimate simply cannot be made when you enter the world of quantum mechanics and try to determine how those apparent subatomic particles, of which you and everything else in our universe is composed, are all tied together. The point is that physics and metaphysics show there is a pattern to the universe that goes beyond our capacity to grasp it with our brains.- Arbitrary distinctions between inanimate and animate objects disappear at the scale at which quantum mechanics works.
- Quantum physics indicates that an astigmatic view of reality results in erroneous assumptions about the universe.
- The inanimate world is both sentient and cognizant like its animate counterpart.
- The effect of stimuli is similar in inanimate objects when compared to animate objects or living beings.
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Explanatory Answer
According to the given paragraph, we can realize how limited our capacity to understand the universe is when we enter the world of quantum mechanics and find that arbitrary distinctions between animate and inanimate simply cannot be made. Option A captures all key ideas.
Option B does not touch upon the distinction between animate and inanimate.
Option C says the inanimate world is ‘cognizant’, which is not what the paragraph says.
Option D is incorrect: the paragraph does not say the effect of stimuli on the animate and inanimate is “similar”; it only says that in many infinitesimal ways, the inanimate seem to be affected by stimuli just as humans are.
The answer is ‘Arbitrary distinctions between inanimate and animate objects disappear at the scale at which quantum mechanics works.’
Choice A is the correct answer.
- CAT 2022 Slot 1 – VA RCThe four sentences (labelled 1, 2, 3 and 4) below, when properly sequenced, would yield a coherent paragraph. Decide on the proper sequencing of the order of the sentences and key in the sequence of the four numbers as your answer:
1. Some company leaders are basing their decisions on locating offices to foster innovation and growth, as their best-performing inventors suffered the greatest productivity losses when their commutes grew longer.
2. Shorter commutes support innovation by giving employees more time in the office and greater opportunities for in-person collaboration, while removing the physical strain of a long commute.
3. This is not always the case: remote work does not automatically lead to greater creativity and productivity as office water-cooler conversations are also very important for innovation.
4. Some see the link between long commutes and productivity as support for work-from-home scenarios, as many workers have grown accustomed to their commute-free arrangements during the pandemic.
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Explanatory Answer
There is a clear link between sentences 1 and 2: both these sentences are about the positive effect of shorter commutes on employee performance.
Similarly, 43 is a strong link: sentence 4 says commute-free working is seen as key to improving productivity by some; 3 states that this is not always the case and explains why.
There is also a link between sentences 1 and 4: Sentence 4 starts with the pronoun ‘some’. This clearly refers to some company leaders, the subject of sentence 1. So, 4 follows immediately after 1.
Given these links, we see that 2143 is the most logical order.
The answer is ‘2143’
- CAT 2022 Slot 1 – VA RCThere is a sentence that is missing in the paragraph below. Look at the paragraph and decide in which blank (option 1, 2, 3, or 4) the following sentence would best fit.
Sentence: Having made citizens more and less knowledgeable than their predecessors, the Internet has proved to be both a blessing and a curse.
Paragraph: Never before has a population, nearly all of whom has enjoyed at a least a secondary school education, been exposed to so much information, whether in newspapers and magazines or through YouTube, Google, and Facebook. ___(1)___. Yet it is not clear that people today are more knowledgeable than their barely literate predecessors. Contemporary advances in technology offered more serious and inquisitive students access to realms of knowledge previously unimaginable and unavailable. ___(2)___. But such readily available knowledge leads many more students away from serious study, the reading of actual texts, and toward an inability to write effectively and grammatically. ___(3)___. It has let people choose sources that reinforce their opinions rather than encouraging them to question inherited beliefs. ___(4)___.- Option 1
- Option 2
- Option 3
- Option 4
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- CAT 2022 Slot 1 – VA RCThe four sentences (labelled 1, 2, 3 and 4) below, when properly sequenced, would yield a coherent paragraph. Decide on the proper sequencing of the order of the sentences and key in the sequence of the four numbers as your answer:
1. The creative element in product design has become of paramount importance as it is one of the few ways a firm or industry can sustain a competitive advantage over its rivals.
2. In fact, the creative element in the value of world industry would be larger still, if we added the contribution of the creative element in other industries, such as the design of tech accessories.
3. The creative industry is receiving a lot of attention today as its growth rate is faster than that of the world economy as a whole.
4. It is for this reason that today’s trade issues are increasingly involving intellectual property, as Western countries have an interest in protecting their revenues along with freeing trade in non-tangibles.
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Explanatory Answer
3 is the best starting sentence as it is the most general. 32 is a clear link: Sentence 3 states the creative industry is growing faster than the world economy and 2 adds to this saying that if the creative element in other industries is taken into consideration, the creative element in the value of world industry would be larger still.
Sentence 1 carries forward the idea in 32, explaining how the creative element in product design can help sustain a competitive advantage. Sentence 4 concludes the paragraph saying that this is reason why today’s trade issues are focused on intellectual property.
3214 is the most logical order.
The answer is ‘3214’
- CAT 2022 Slot 1 – VA RCThere is a sentence that is missing in the paragraph below. Look at the paragraph and decide in which blank (option 1, 2, 3, or 4) the following sentence would best fit.
Sentence: Easing the anxiety and pressure of having a “big day” is part of the appeal for many couples who marry in secret.
Paragraph: Wedding season is upon us and – after two years of Covid chaos that saw nuptials scaled back– you may think the temptation would be to go all out. ___(1)___. But instead of expanding the guest list, many couples are opting to have entirely secret ceremonies. With Covid case numbers remaining high and the cost of living crisis meaning that many couples are feeling the pinch, it’s no wonder that some are less than eager to send out invites. ___(2)___. Plus, it can’t hurt that in celebrity circles getting married in secret is all the rage. ___(3)___. “I would definitely say that secret weddings are becoming more common,” says Landis Bejar, the founder of a therapy practice, which specialises in helping brides and grooms manage wedding stress. “People are looking for ways to get out of the spotlight and avoid the pomp and circumstance of weddings. ___(4)___. They just want to get to the part where they are married.”- Option 1
- Option 2
- Option 3
- Option 4
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Explanatory Answer
Consider option 1. The transition of ideas from the previous sentence to the next is smooth here. Despite the Covid chaos pointing to a temptation to go all out, wedding lists are not expanding and couples are having secret ceremonies instead. So, we rule out this option.
The missing line explains why couples want to marry in secret. If you place this sentence in option 2, it fits right in with the idea in the previous sentence and transitions well into the next sentence, which gives one more reason why couples marry in secret. Also the ‘anxiety’ mentioned here relates to couples ‘feeling the pinch’, which the previous sentence refers to.
If the missing sentence is placed in option 3, it would follow a sentence which begins with ‘plus’. The transition from celebrities marrying in secret to easing the anxiety and pressure of having a “big day” is not smooth.
The missing sentence does not fit in well at option 4. There is already a smooth transition of ideas from people wanting to avoid the spotlight and pomp to them wanting to get to the part where they are married.
So, option 2 is the best place to put the missing sentence.
The answer is ‘Option 2’
Choice B is the correct answer.
- CAT 2022 Slot 1 – VA RC The passage given below is followed by four alternate summaries. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the passage.
It’s not that modern historians of medieval Africa have been ignorant about contacts between Ethiopia and Europe; they just had the power dynamic reversed. The traditional narrative stressed Ethiopia as weak and in trouble in the face of aggression from external forces, so Ethiopia sought military assistance from their fellow Christians to the north. But the real story, buried in plain sight in medieval diplomatic texts, simply had not yet been put together by modern scholars. Recent research pushes scholars of medieval Europe to imagine a much more richly connected medieval world: at the beginning of the so-called Age of Exploration, there is evidence that the kings of Ethiopia were sponsoring their own missions of diplomacy, faith and commerce.- Medieval historical sources selectively promoted the narrative that powerful European forces were called on to protect weak African civilisations such as Ethiopia, but this is far from reality.
- Medieval texts have been ‘cherry-picked’ to promote a view of Ethiopia as weak and in need of Europe’s military help with aggressive neighbours, but recent studies reveal it was a well-connected and outward-looking culture.
- Medieval texts have documented how strong connections between the Christian communities of Ethiopia and Europe were invaluable in establishing military and trade links between the two civilisations.
- Historians were under the illusion that Ethiopia needed military protection from their neighbours, but in fact the country had close commercial and religious connections with them.
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Explanatory Answer
The paragraph given says that while historians have traditionally portrayed medieval Ethiopia as weak and seeking protection from Europe, the real story,”buried in plain sight” is that the medieval world was richly connected, with the kings of Ethiopia sponsoring their own missions of diplomacy, faith and commerce.
Of the given options, C and D can be eliminated right away. The main idea of the paragraph is not how strong connections between Christian communities of Ethiopia and Europe helped establish links between them but how traditional historical narratives are incorrect. So, option C is out. Option D is ruled out as it states historians were under an illusion. This is incorrect. They simply chose to ignore the real story, according to the given paragraph.
Options A and B are close. But between A and B, B is better. Option A says that powerful European forces were called upon to protect “weak African civilisations such as Ethiopia”. The paragraph does not generalize this way. It is specific to relations between medieval Ethiopia and Europe.
The answer is ‘Medieval texts have been ‘cherry-picked’ to promote a view of Ethiopia as weak and in need of Europe’s military help with aggressive neighbours, but recent studies reveal it was a well-connected and outward-looking culture.’
Choice B is the correct answer.
- CAT 2022 Slot 1 – VA RC The four sentences (labelled 1, 2, 3 and 4) below, when properly sequenced, would yield a coherent paragraph. Decide on the proper sequencing of the order of the sentences and key in the sequence of the four numbers as your answer:
1. Fish skin collagen has excellent thermo-stability and tensile strength making it ideal for use as bandage that adheres to the skin and adjusts to body movements.
2. Collagen, one of the main structural proteins in connective tissues in the human body, is well known for promoting skin regeneration.
3. Fish skin swims in here as diseases and bacteria that affect fish are different from most human pathogens.
4. The risk of introducing disease agents into other species through the use of pig and cow collagen proteins for wound healing has inhibited its broader applications in the medical field.
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Explanatory Answer
2 is the best starting sentence. 24 is a strong link: 2 states that collagen promotes skin regeneration; 4 explains why, despite this, collagen has not been applied widely in the medical field.
43 is also a link: 4 is about pig and cow collagen proteins; 3 contrasts these with fish collagen.
1 adds to 3 and completes the paragraph.
So, 2431 is the correct order.
